Glossary ¶ Binary Distribution. Python projects must have unique names, which are registered on PyPI. Each project will then contain one or more Releases, and each release may comprise one or more distributions. Note that there is a strong convention to name a project after the name of the package that is imported to run that project. Gentoo Linux package dependencies: dev-python/pygtk dev-python/configobj net-libs/gtk-vnc dev-lang/python:2.7 dev-python/raven (remember to set 'python' USE flag for gtk-vnc!) macOS dependencies: brew install pygtk pip install configobj pip install raven. OpenXenManager runs has been tested to run on Linux or Windows and should work on MacOSX.

“Freezing” your code is creating a single-file executable file to distributeto end-users, that contains all of your application code as well as thePython interpreter.

Applications such as ‘Dropbox’, ‘Eve Online’, ‘Civilization IV’, andBitTorrent clients do this.

The advantage of distributing this way is that your application will “just work”,even if the user doesn’t already have the required version of Python (or any)installed. On Windows, and even on many Linux distributions and OS X, the rightversion of Python will not already be installed.

Besides, end-user software should always be in an executable format. Filesending in .py are for software engineers and system administrators.

One disadvantage of freezing is that it will increase the size of yourdistribution by about 2–12 MB. Also, you will be responsible for shippingupdated versions of your application when security vulnerabilities toPython are patched.

Alternatives to Freezing¶

Packaging your code is for distributinglibraries or tools to other developers.

On Linux, an alternative to freezing is tocreate a Linux distro package(e.g. .deb files for Debian or Ubuntu, or .rpm files for Red Hat and SuSE.)

Comparison of Freezing Tools¶

Date of this writing: Oct 5, 2019Solutions and platforms/features supported:

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Note

Freezing Python code on Linux into a Windows executable was only oncesupported in PyInstaller and later dropped.

Note

All solutions need a Microsoft Visual C++ to be installed on the target machine, except py2app.Only PyInstaller makes a self-executable exe that bundles the appropriate DLL whenpassing --onefile to Configure.py.

Windows¶

bbFreeze¶

Prerequisite is to install Python, Setuptools and pywin32 dependency on Windows.

1. Install bbfreeze:

2. Write most basic bb_setup.py

Note

This will work for the most basic one file scripts. For more advanced freezing you will have to provideinclude and exclude paths like so:

3. (Optionally) include icon

4. Provide the Microsoft Visual C++ runtime DLL for the freezer. It might be possible to append your sys.pathwith the Microsoft Visual Studio path but I find it easier to drop msvcp90.dll in the same folder where your scriptresides.

5. Freeze!

py2exe¶

Prerequisite is to install Python on Windows. The last release of py2exe is from the year 2014. There is not active development.

1. Download and install http://sourceforge.net/projects/py2exe/files/py2exe/
2. Write setup.py (List of configuration options):

3. (Optionally) include icon
4. (Optionally) one-file mode
5. Generate .exe into dist directory:

6. Provide the Microsoft Visual C++ runtime DLL. Two options: globally install dll on target machine or distribute dll alongside with .exe.

PyInstaller¶

Prerequisite is to have installed Python, Setuptools and pywin32 dependency on Windows.

OS X¶

PyInstaller¶

PyInstaller can be used to build Unix executables and windowed apps on Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard) or newer.

To install PyInstaller, use pip:

To create a standard Unix executable, from say script.py, use:

This creates:

• a script.spec file, analogous to a make file
• a build folder, that holds some log files
• a dist folder, that holds the main executable script, and some dependent Python libraries

all in the same folder as script.py. PyInstaller puts all the Python libraries used in script.py into the dist folder, so when distributing the executable, distribute the whole dist folder.

The script.spec file can be edited to customise the build, with options such as:

• bundling data files with the executable
• including run-time libraries (.dll or .so files) that PyInstaller can’t infer automatically
• adding Python run-time options to the executable

Now script.spec can be run with pyinstaller (instead of using script.py again): Generic usb 2.0 camera driver.

To create a standalone windowed OS X application, use the --windowed option:

This creates a script.app in the dist folder. Make sure to use GUI packages in your Python code, like PyQt or PySide, to control the graphical parts of the app.

There are several options in script.spec related to Mac OS X app bundles here. For example, to specify an icon for the app, use the icon=pathtoicon.icns option.

Linux¶

bbFreeze¶

Warning

bbFreeze will ONLY work in Python 2.x environment, since it’s no longer being maintained as stated by it’s former maintainer. If you’re interested in it, check the repository in here.

bbFreeze can be used with all distributions that has Python installed along with pip2 and/or easy_install.

For pip2, use the following:

Or, for easy_install:

With bbFreeze installed, you’re ready to freeze your applications.

Let’s assume you have a script, say, “hello.py” and a module called “module.py” and you have a function in it that’s being used in your script.No need to worry, you can just ask to freeze the main entrypoint of your script and it should freeze entirely:

With this, it creates a folder called dist/, of which contains the executable of the script and required .so (shared objects) files linked against libraries used within the Python script.

Alternatively, you can create a script that does the freezing for you. An API for the freezer is available from the library within:

PyInstaller¶

PyInstaller can be used in a similar fashion as in OS X. The installation goes in the same manner as shown in the OS X section.

Don’t forget to have dependencies such as Python and pip installed for usage.